Relevant Terms Research Articles

Improving Automated Labeling for ATT&CK Tactics in Malware Threat Reports

Once novel malware is detected, threat reports are written by security companies that discover it. The reports often vary in the terminology describing the behavior of the malware making comparisons of reports of the same malware from different companies difficult. To aid in the automated discovery of novel malware, it was recently proposed that novel malware could be detected by identifying behaviors. This assumes that a core set of behaviors are present in most, if not all, malware variants. However, there is a lack of malware datasets that are labeled with behaviors. Motivated by a need to label malware with a common set of behaviors, this work examines automating the process of labeling malware with behaviors identified in malware threat reports despite the variability of terminology. To do so, we examine several techniques from the natural language processing (NLP) domain. We find that most state-of-the-art word embedding NLP methods require large amounts of data and are trained on generic corpora of text data—missing the nuances related to information security. To address this, we use simple feature selection techniques. We find that simple feature selection techniques generally outperform word embedding methods and achieve an increase of 6% in the F .5 -score over prior work when used to predict MITRE ATT&CK tactics in threat reports. Our work indicates that feature selection, which has commonly been overlooked by sophisticated methods in NLP tasks, is beneficial for information security related tasks, where more sophisticated NLP methodologies are not able to pick out relevant information security terms.

The past, present, and future of crowdsourcing and innovation: A bibliometric analysis and future research agenda

This research article addresses the current status and emerging trends in the literature at the intersection of crowdsourcing and innovation. While separate reviews exist for crowdsourcing and innovation individually, a comprehensive literature review specific to their intersection is lacking. Therefore, this study conducts a bibliometric meta-analysis of the extensive body of literature in the field of innovation and crowdsourcing, aiming to fill this research gap. The analysis encompasses all articles in Elsevier's Scopus database that incorporate relevant terms in their titles, abstracts, or keywords, resulting in a sample of 180 articles. VosViewer and Bibliometrix package in R are employed for the analysis. The analysis reveals three key research clusters, including the role of crowdsourcing in fostering organizational innovation, crowdsourcing-based social capital formation and its impact on organizational value creation, and the role of crowdsourcing platforms in facilitating engagement between the crowd and the organization. Adopting a holistic perspective, this research contributes new insights into the interconnections between crowdsourcing and innovation research fields. Additionally, the analysis provides clarity on research content, evolutionary context, and reveals emerging research trends in this domain.

The eternal life of taxonomic monographs: The series on the Fauna and Flora of the Gulf of Naples

AbstractTaxonomic monographs, such as those of the Fauna and Flora of the Gulf of Naples, have almost eternal life, in terms of scientific relevance, and keep being cited even after centuries.

Navigating fertility dilemmas across the lifespan in girls with Turner syndrome-a scoping review.

Girls with Turner syndrome (TS) lack a partial or complete sex chromosome, which causes an accelerated decline of their ovarian reserve. Girls have to deal with several dilemmas related to their fertility, while only a limited number of them are referred to a fertility specialist and counselled about options of family planning on time. This scoping review provides an update of the literature on fertility in girls with TS throughout their lifespan and aims to propose a clinical practice guideline on fertility in TS. Databases of PubMed, Embase, and Web of science were searched using the following key terms: Turner syndrome, fertility, puberty, pregnancy, sex-hormones, karyotype, fertility preservation, assisted reproductive techniques, and counselling, alongside relevant subject headings and synonymous terms. English language articles published since 2007 were critically reviewed. Pregnancies after using donated oocytes and data about girls with TS with Y-chromosomal content were excluded. This search identified 1269 studies of which 120 were extracted for the review. The prevalence of natural conception ranged from 15% to 48% in women with 45,X/46,XX, 1% to 3% in women with 45,X, and 4% to 9% in women with other TS karyotypes. When assessing a girl's fertility potential, it was crucial to determine the karyotype in two cell lines, because hidden mosaicism may exist. In addition to karyotype, assessment of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) played a significant role in estimating ovarian function. Girls with AMH above the detection limit were most likely to experience spontaneous thelarche, menarche, and ongoing ovarian function during the reproductive lifespan. Fertility preservation became more routine practice: vitrification of oocytes was reported in 58 girls with TS and a median of five oocytes were preserved per stimulation. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation has demonstrated the presence of follicles in approximately 30% of girls with TS, mostly in girls with mosaic-TS, spontaneous puberty, and AMH above the detection limit. Although girls and their parents appreciated receiving counselling on fertility in TS, only one in ten girls with TS received specialized counselling. Unfamiliarity with fertility preservation techniques or uncertainties regarding the eligibility of a girl for fertility preservation constituted barriers for healthcare professionals when discussing fertility with girls with TS. There currently is a high demand for fertility preservation techniques in girls with TS. A reliable prognostic model to determine which girls with TS might benefit from fertility preservation is lacking. Only a minority of these girls received comprehensive fertility counselling on the full spectrum of fertility, including uncertainties of fertility preservation, pregnancy risks, and alternatives, such as adoption. Fertility preservation could be a viable option for girls with TS. However, the question remains whether enough oocytes can be obtained for a realistic prospect of a live birth. It is important that girls and parents are empowered with the necessary information to make a well-informed decision.

Automatic Expansion of Metadata Standards for Historic Costume Collections

Objective: This project focuses on Artificial Intelligence (AI) supported enhancement of descriptive metadata for fashion collections (otherwise known as costume or dress and textile collections) through expanding costume-specific controlled terms. The authors use Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques along with a human-in-the-loop process to support selection of descriptive terms for inclusion in the controlled terms of a metadata schema. This project seeks to expand upon existing domain-specific schema, Costume Core, by enhancing the schema with a comprehensive set of descriptors. This enhancement will allow for more accurate and detailed descriptions of costume artifacts. This article describes this process and the outcomes of AI approaches for providing this metadata expansion, who this process is for, ethical considerations, and lessons learned.Methods: We approached our problem with an investigation into using word embeddings to aid in supporting the suggesting of new metadata terms. Several word embedding models were applied with the more descriptive one chosen for final use in a human-in-the-loop selection process. This selection process provided domain experts to identify which terms chosen by the model are of relevant value. We then compare what was chosen by the domain experts and what the model produced to get an idea as to the value the model provides in the process of metadata expansion.Results: The metadata expansion process was a success. An AI supported process aided domain experts in choosing relevant terms to include in their metadata schema. Therefore, the results were a methodology for using identified AI models for the problem, an interactive system to aid the domain experts (software system), and how to evaluate the results.Conclusion: The application of AI technologies (word embeddings) provided a successful pipeline for supporting domain experts to expand the metadata schema with additional descriptors.  Enhancing the metadata schema with additional descriptors improves its usability for fashion collection managers and allows for a more precise description of the artifacts. As a result, many new terms that were expertly chosen were added to the metadata schema.

Data-Centric Artificial Intelligence

AbstractData-centric artificial intelligence (data-centric AI) represents an emerging paradigm that emphasizes the importance of enhancing data systematically and at scale to  build effective and efficient AI-based systems. The novel paradigm complements recent model-centric AI, which focuses on improving the performance of AI-based systems based on changes in the model using a fixed set of data. The objective of this article is to introduce practitioners and researchers from the field of Business and Information Systems Engineering (BISE) to data-centric AI. The paper defines relevant terms, provides key characteristics to contrast the paradigm of data-centric AI with the model-centric one, and introduces a framework to illustrate the different dimensions of data-centric AI. In addition, an overview of available tools for data-centric AI is presented and this novel paradigm is differenciated from related concepts. Finally, the paper discusses the longer-term implications of data-centric AI for the BISE community.

Harvest residues: A relevant term in the carbon balance of croplands?

Over the past two decades, major efforts have been made to quantify the extent to which and under what conditions croplands are sources or sinks for carbon. For this purpose, the net carbon stock change of the study site is typically quantified based on net CO2 fluxes monitored with an eddy covariance or chamber system, on measured C import by organic fertilizer and C export by harvest. While in cropland studies this balance is usually referred to as net biome productivity (NBP), we prefer to use the term net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) here. NECB is basically the sum of the stock change of plant carbon (ΔPC) and soil organic carbon (ΔSOC). In the standard approach, the assumption is that at an annual cropland site the bulk of plant biomass is typically removed at harvest, and that ΔPC can therefore be neglected. In this case, ΔSOC equals NECB. In this paper we show that this assumption is problematic, particularly if in crop rotation systems the budget is determined over a single cropping period. The present contribution extends the concept of NECB to include harvest residues (HR) and applies it to a case study over a maize - winter wheat - winter wheat rotation at a cropland site in southwest Germany. In all three cropping periods, the sign of NECB was opposite that of ΔSOC. Accordingly, neglecting HR led to an incorrect result concerning the question whether the site is a sink or a source for soil carbon. Our findings demonstrate that for croplands HR must be included to obtain an accurate and meaningful carbon balance.

Metacognitive Exam Preparation Assignments in an Introductory Biology Course Improve Exam Scores for Lower ACT Students Compared with Assignments that Focus on Terms.

Preparing for exams in introductory biology classrooms is a complex metacognitive task. Focusing on lower achieving students (those with entering ACT scores below the median at our institution), we compared the effect of two different assignments distributed ahead of exams by dividing classes in half to receive either terms to define or open-ended metacognitive questions. Completing metacognitive assignments resulted in moderately higher exam scores for students on the second and third exams. Metacognitive assignments also improved accuracy (difference between predicted and actual exam scores) for the second and third exam in lower ACT students, but that improvement was driven largely by higher exam scores in the metacognitive group. Thus, despite the fact that the metacognitive assignments specifically asked students to reflect on their previous exam performance, their previous estimates and predict how well they expected to perform on the exam they were preparing for, there was little evidence that these assignments influenced lower achieving students' confidence levels any more than assignments where students defined terms. While understanding relevant terms was certainly important in this course, these results highlight that open-ended metacognitive prompts may improve exam scores in some students in introductory biology classrooms.

Immunotherapy Combined With Standard Therapies in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma - A Meta-analysis.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a deadly disease with a poor prognosis due to late diagnosis and limited treatment options. Immunotherapy (IT) is emerging as a promising approach, especially after the failure of standard of care therapies (STs). The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate whether the addition of IT to STs improves outcomes for patients with HNSCC, including overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and quality of life (QoL). This review employed the Population Intervention Comparison and Outcome (PICO) framework to identify relevant search terms in electronic databases, and also included supplementary hand searches. Six primary research articles were selected using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) flow chart, and were critically appraised. Data extraction from these studies was conducted, and a meta-analysis was performed to aid in the generation of forest plots. The addition of IT to standard anticancer therapies was found to enhance patient outcomes, such as OS, PFS, and QoL. The toxicity profile of IT was acceptable, with minimal treatment-related deaths. The most frequently observed adverse events (AE) were related to the skin, followed by hematological toxicities. Based on our analysis, the addition of IT to STs is a suitable treatment option and is supported by current research. However, further studies are needed to investigate factors that influence treatment effectiveness and to develop optimal therapies. To achieve this, we recommend a comprehensive treatment approach that involves the multidisciplinary team (MDT) and patient assessment tools.

Why Female Smokers Have Poorer Long-Term Health Outcomes than Male Smokers: The Role of Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy.

Objectives: Women's health status is better than men but the opposite is true for female smokers who usually have poorer long-health outcomes than male smokers. The objectives of this study were to thoroughly reviewed and analyzed relevant literature and to propose a hypothesis that may explain this paradox phenomenon. Methods: We conducted a search of literature from three English databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar) from inception to 13 November 2023. A combination of key words and/or subject headings in English was applied, including relevant terms for cigarette smoking, sex/gender, pregnancy, and health indicators. We then performed analysis of the searched literature. Results: Based on this review/analysis of literature, we proposed a hypothesis that may explain this paradox phenomenon: female smokers have worse long-term health outcomes than male smokers because some of them smoke during pregnancy, and the adverse effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy is much stronger than cigarette smoking during non-pregnancy periods. Conclusion: Approval of our pregnancy-amplification theory could provide additional evidence on the adverse effect on women's long-term health outcomes for cigarette smoking during pregnancy.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Intention to Donate Organs among the Public, Health Sciences Students and Health Personnel: A Scoping Review with a Systematic Review of Malaysian Studies.

Various barriers lead to a shortage of organs for transplantation in Malaysia. One drive to improve the organ donation rate operates through future healthcare practitioners and practitioner advocacy. This scoping review was carried out to establish and summarise findings about organ donation-related articles among the public, health sciences students and health personnel. A further aim was to synthesise the latest data on knowledge and attitudes towards organ donation in the Malaysian population. PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and the Malaysian Medical Repository (MyMedR) were used for a search conducted up to May 2022. Relevant search terms included 'Organ donation' and 'Malaysia'. Journal articles related to knowledge, attitudes and intention were grouped under the general public and health science. Students and health personnel were included. Eligible studies were reviewed by two independent reviewers. Any disagreements were resolved by consensus with a third reviewer. The 31 included articles revealed an increased level of awareness among the public regarding organ donation. The analysis identified that nonrecognition of brainstem death (38.5%), no knowledge of how to contact the Organ Transplant Coordinator (82.3%) and never approaching the families of a potential donor (63.9%) led to a lack of confidence among healthcare practitioners to promote organ donation. The shortage of organ donors is the result of the failure to identify the expected donor, obtain consent and procure the organs due to the passivity of Malaysian health professionals in promoting the organ donation process.

Leveraging Large Language Models for Clinical Abbreviation Disambiguation.

Clinical abbreviation disambiguation is a crucial task in the biomedical domain, as the accurate identification of the intended meanings or expansions of abbreviations in clinical texts is vital for medical information retrieval and analysis. Existing approaches have shown promising results, but challenges such as limited instances and ambiguous interpretations persist. In this paper, we propose an approach to address these challenges and enhance the performance of clinical abbreviation disambiguation. Our objective is to leverage the power of Large Language Models (LLMs) and employ a Generative Model (GM) to augment the dataset with contextually relevant instances, enabling more accurate disambiguation across diverse clinical contexts. We integrate the contextual understanding of LLMs, represented by BlueBERT and Transformers, with data augmentation using a Generative Model, called Biomedical Generative Pre-trained Transformer (BIOGPT), that is pretrained on an extensive corpus of biomedical literature to capture the intricacies of medical terminology and context. By providing the BIOGPT with relevant medical terms and sense information, we generate diverse instances of clinical text that accurately represent the intended meanings of abbreviations. We evaluate our approach on the widely recognized CASI dataset, carefully partitioned into training, validation, and test sets. The incorporation of data augmentation with the GM improves the model's performance, particularly for senses with limited instances, effectively addressing dataset imbalance and challenges posed by similar concepts. The results demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed method, showcasing the significance of LLMs and generative techniques in clinical abbreviation disambiguation. Our model achieves a good accuracy on the test set, outperforming previous methods.

A protocol for a scoping review of methodologies used to explore patient experience in post-acute rehabilitation settings

Background Patient experience is routinely collected in the clinical environment in many different ways throughout various person-provider encounters, but so far limited research focused on understanding the methods of using it to improve the quality of healthcare. This paper presents a protocol for a methodological scoping review examining the methods of obtaining, analysing, reporting, and using patient experience data for quality improvement in rehabilitation settings. Methods The scoping review will be conducted according to the guidelines from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Manual for Evidence Synthesis and the methodological framework by Arksey & O’Malley. A comprehensive search of the literature will be performed using a three-step search strategy: an initial limited search of two databases was already performed and helped to identified relevant key words and index terms. The developed search string will be adapted and applied across four databases. This will be followed by search of the reference lists of selected sources and hand-search relevant data-hubs. Studies with a clear focus on patient experience or feedback collected or used for healthcare improvement in rehabilitation context, will be included. A data extraction framework will be developed and piloted to guide the literature screening and data charting. Qualitative content analysis will be employed to address research questions and the results will be presented – beside the descriptive format - as a map of data in chart and tabular formats. Conclusions This scoping review will show the extent and scope of the literature on the applied methods of collecting, communicating, and using patient experience for quality improvement in post-acute rehabilitation settings and will evaluate and map the evidence on these topics. The findings will inform a research project entitled “An exploration into the use of patient experience to inform improvement in a National Rehabilitation Hospital”.

Impact of cannula diameter on pregnancy outcomes after minimally invasive fetal laser surgery in the treatment of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) remains a major complication of fetal laser surgery in the treatment of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). The aim of the study was to determine the impact of cannula size on pregnancy outcomes, with a particular focus on PPROM. The protocol was developed and registered in the PROSPERO database under registration number CRD42022333630. The PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases were searched electronically on May 18, 2022, and updated on March 2, 2023, utilizing a combination of the relevant MeSH terms, keywords, and word variants for "TTTS" and "laser". Randomized controlled trials, prospective and retrospective cohorts, case-control studies, and case reports/series with more than five participants were considered eligible for inclusion. Studies reporting the cannula diameter and PPROM rate after laser surgery in the treatment of monochorionic pregnancies affected by TTTS between 16- and 26 weeks' gestation were included. Data was extracted independently, and when appropriate, a random-effects meta-analysis was undertaken to calculate pooled estimates and their confidence intervals. Heterogeneity in the effect estimates of the individual studies was calculated using the I2 statistic. The primary outcome was PPROM rate. Secondary outcomes were survival rate, preterm birth, and incomplete surgery. The quality of the included studies was assessed using a modified quality in prognosis study tool. We included a total of 22 studies, consisting of 3426 patients. Only one study was scored as low quality, seven as moderate quality, and the remaining 14 as high quality. The mean PPROM rate after laser surgery treating TTTS was 22.9%, ranging from 11.6% for 9 French (Fr) to 54.0% for 12 Fr. Subsequent meta-regression for the clinically relevant PPROM rate before 34 weeks of gestation, showed increased PPROM rates for increased cannula size (p-value 0.01). This systematic review confirmed PPROM as a frequent complication of fetal laser surgery, with a mean PPROM rate of 22.9%. A larger cannula diameter relates to a significant higher PPROM risk for PPROM before 34 weeks gestation. Hence, the ideal balance between optimal visualization requiring larger port diameters and shorter operation time and more complete procedures that benefit from larger diameters is crucial to reduce iatrogenic PPROM rates.

Absolute Illiteracy in European Union Policies. Exploring the Intersections of Gender, Migration and Education

In the context of a study focused on the absolute illiteracy of migrant women in Europe, this article assesses the extent to which European Union policy instruments on gender, migration and education incorporate an intersectional perspective. The analysis was based in the content analysis of a selected group of EU policy documents and included i) the close and iterative reading and thematic codification of the texts; ii) the word frequency counting of relevant terms; and iii) the assessment of intersectionality through a set of quality criteria. Apart from revealing the invisibility of absolute illiteracy as a policy problem, results confirm previous evidence showing that the presence of intersectional approaches in EU public policy is still marginal. Some attempts to address the intersectionality of gender, migration or education inequalities have been identified in the selected documents, but a comprehensive policy framework to understand and address those inequalities is still lacking. The article adds up to the existing scholarship claiming for more inclusive policies in contemporary European societies.

Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in elite ski jumping reliably allow return to competition but severely affect future top performance.

In recent years, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have been frequently observed in ski jumping. However, available data in this discipline are very scarce. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether an ACL injury in elite-level ski jumping limits the performance level after ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Both male and female elite-level ski jumpers from fivenational A-teams who suffered an ACL injury were identified retrospectively by searching available media reports and Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS) database. World Cup (WC) results and time-out-of-competition before ACL injury and after ACLR were compared. Only athletes who suffered the injury during or after the 2009-2010 season and who participated in at least one WC competition before the injury were included in this study. The level of athletes' performance from two full seasons before until three seasons after the injury was compared. Eighteen elite-level ski jumpers (11 males/seven females) were eligible for the study. All male and fourfemale athletes returned to professional competition after ACLR. One female athlete ended her career due to prolonged recovery and twohave not yet recovered due to a recent injury. The mean return-to-competition (RTC) time was 14.6 months in males and 13.5 months in females. The mean WC placement decreased after the ACL injury: two seasons before injury the mean position was 17.9 ± 11.0 (n = 12), one season before it was 22.4 ± 12.8 (n = 15). After recovery, the mean placement in seasons 1-3 was: 26.4 ± 8.9 (n = 7), 25.7 ± 10.3 (n = 13), 33.6 ± 12.2 (n = 10) (p = 0.008). Among the athletes returning to competition, only sixmales and threefemales reached their preinjury level and only one male and one female (compared to seven males and three females preinjury) reached an individual top-3 placement after ACLR, accounting for less than 10% of podiums compared to preinjury. Only 60% of the professional ski jumpers reached the preinjury level and less than 15% reached a top-3 placement after the ACL injury. These results support the fact that ACL tear during a ski jumping career may be a significant factor limiting high-level performance. In terms of clinical relevance, the findings implicate the need to analyse the reasons of these very low rates of return to elite-level performance, to analyse ACL injury and RTC rates at lower levels of performance and to develop specific prevention strategies in order to reduce the number of ACL injuries in this sport. Level IV.

Ensuring fidelity: key elements to consider in disseminating a diabetes telemanagement program for underserved Hispanic/Latinos living with type 2 diabetes.

The Hispanic/Latino population has greater risk (estimated >50%) of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and developing it at a younger age. The American Diabetes Association estimates costs of diagnosed diabetes in 2017 was $327 billion; with medical costs 2.3x higher than patients without diabetes. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the methodology utilized in a randomized controlled trial aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a diabetes telemanagement (DTM) program for Hispanic/Latino patients with T2D. The intent is to provide information for future investigators to ensure that this study can be accurately replicated. This study was a randomized controlled trial with 240 participants. Eligible patients (Hispanic/Latino, aged 18+, living with T2D) were randomized to Comprehensive Outpatient Management (COM) or DTM. DTM was comprised of usual care, including routine clinic visits every three months, as well as: Biometrics (a tablet, blood glucose meter, blood pressure monitor, and scale); Weekly Video Visits (facilitated in the patient's preferred language); and Educational Videos (including culturally congruent diabetes self-management education and quizzes). COM consisted of usual care including routine clinic visits every three months. For this study, COM patients received a glucometer, glucose test strips, and lancets. Establishing a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship was a fundamental component of our study for both groups. First contact (post-enrollment) centered on ensuring that patients and caregivers understood the program, building trust and rapport, creating a non-judgmental environment, determining language preference, and establishing scheduling availability (including evenings and weekends). DTM were provided with a tablet which allowed for self-paced education through videos and weekly video visits. The research team and Community Advisory Board identified appropriate educational video content, which was incorporated in diabetes educational topics. Video visits allowed us to assess patient involvement, motivation, and nonverbal communication. Communicating in Spanish, and awareness of diverse Hispanic/Latino backgrounds was critical, as using relevant and commonly-used terms can increase adherence and improve outcomes. Shared decision-making was encouraged to make realistic health care choices. Key elements discussed above provide a framework for future dissemination of an evidence-based DTM intervention to meet the needs of underserved Hispanic/Latino people living with T2D.

Python-based evaluation of road network constraints for electric scooters and bicycles: Izmit Example

Means of transportation are a large part of our daily life. Along with the development of technology, we encounter different types of vehicles, but we also encounter different problems. For electric scooters, which are one of the new types of vehicles that are seen to be used in vehicle traffic, it seems that there are question marks among the public about the use of vehicles and the rules. It is seen that the legal regulations and rules in this field are not sufficiently standardized in Turkey yet. Among these question marks, safety, comfort, and vehicle characteristics draw attention to which roads electric scooters should choose during their use. In the research, various applications and examinations were made on the parameters of the slope, road class, length of the road, and land cover, among the parameters considered in the optimal road preferences for electric scooters, where there is a starting point and an ending point. For the research, Dijkstra's Algorithm, QGIS GIS software, python programming language, and various modules were used to use the shortest path problem, cost calculations, and various data processing methods. These applications were compared within the Work titles and the effects of different parameters on the optimal route preferences were compared and discussed. The results of the research were discussed in terms of relevance, and it was determined what improvements could be added and what effects it could have on other research that could be done on this subject. As a result, it has been seen that the parameters in the research directly affect the results in the applications in different works, bringing diversity, and the expected results achieved. It has been determined that the addition of additional parameters such as the maximum distance or time that can be traveled for vehicles such as electric scooters, and the use of more sensitive and various sources will further develop this research and its importance in this type of research.

Biological activities, chemical and bioactive compounds of Echinophora platyloba DC: A systematic review

Echinophora platyloba DC has been recognized for its therapeutic potential due to the presence of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds. This study aims to conduct a systematic investigation into the chemical composition and biological activities of this plant.          A comprehensive review of English research articles published within the last 15 years was conducted using relevant terms in databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and CINAHL. The search strategy employed specific keywords, and the findings were collected based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines.          A total of thirty-seven articles were included in the study. Among the reviewed articles, nine studies focused on the antifungal effects of Echinophora platyloba DC, while four studies examined its antimicrobial compounds. Three studies provided evidence for joint antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Additionally, four studies confirmed the plant's potential anticancer properties, three studies explored its antioxidant effects, and two studies demonstrated its combined antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, six studies reported various effects, including anti-cholesterol properties, pain relief, skin burn repair, and reduction of menopausal symptoms. The most abundant compounds identified in the extract and essential oil were β-ocimene, followed by α-phellandrene.          Echinophora platyloba DC was shown to have optimal antifungal, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. Moreover, the clinical effects of this plant have been deemed acceptable. Keywords: Echinophora platyloba DC, antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, antioxidant properties, anticancer effects.

A135 DEEPLY EMBEDDED ESOPHAGEAL FISHBONE REMOVED BY ENDOSCOPIC MUCOSAL DISSECTION: CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract Background Foreign body ingestion is frequently encountered in gastroenterology clinical practice. While most objects pass spontaneously, sharp objects, most commonly bony fragments in adults, have a tendency to become lodged in the esophagus. The European and American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy both recommend emergent endoscopy for sharp objects or bones impacted in the esophagus. However, there is little guidance regarding management of deeply embedded foreign bodies, that may not be visible intra-luminally or that may have penetrated the submucosa or muscularis propria. Aims In this case report, we describe successful endoscopic retrieval of a deeply embedded fishbone in the distal esophagus. A literature review was also conducted to evaluate the current evidence surrounding the use of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and submucosal dissection (ESD) to localize and remove deeply embedded foreign bodies. Methods A literature search on EUS and ESD use in foreign body retrieval was performed via MEDLINE/PubMed (September 2023) using relevant keywords and MeSH terms. Results CASE DESCRIPTION A 50-year-old man presented to hospital with several hours of dysphagia after consuming fish. A fishbone deeply embedded through the submucosa into the muscularis propria was identified on CT scan and EUS. ESD was employed to free the bone and a fully covered metal stent was deployed to close the defect. The patient had no immediate complications and recovered well post-procedure. Our literature search revealed a total of 6 case reports detailing endoscopic management of penetrating foreign bodies. One case used EUS to localize an object which was subsequently removed surgically. The remaining 5 cases all used ESD to remove submucosal objects without any short or long-term complications. Conclusions Clinical history is critical to prompt diagnosis of foreign body ingestion, and it is crucial to be familiar with the radiologic characteristics of the suspected object. Fishbones are frequently encountered and are most commonly radiolucent on plain films. CT scans should be obtained in these patients. Rarely, these objects will be found to be deeply penetrating. There are emerging case reports supporting the use of EUS in the localization of some of these objects, particularly when they cannot be seen intraluminally. Upon review of the literature, there is a paucity of reports describing their removal. This case report adds to the sparse literature demonstrating that ESD has an emerging role in the management of deeply penetrating foreign bodies. Following multidisciplinary discussion and consultation with the appropriate surgical service, ESD may prevent the need for otherwise invasive and potentially morbid surgical intervention. Fishbone embedded in the distal esophagus. Removed by ESD, defect closed with metal stent. Funding Agencies None